Health inequity, categories and examples of which were discussed in the previous chapter, arises from social, economic, environmental, and structural disparities that contribute to intergroup differences in health outcomes both within and between societies. The report identifies two main clusters of root causes of health inequity.

It is widely believed that trust has declined over the past 40 years in most segments of US society, including health care. This decline in health care–related trust is attributed to a wide range of factors.

Racism in the U.S. is pervasive and is a major contributor to sexual and reproductive health disparities of African American women. The historical narrative about racial inferiority has affected the quality and types of healthcare provided to African American women.

Despite significant advancements in the detection and treatment of cancer in recent decades, cancer is still the second-leading cause of death in the U.S.

Differences in health status across racial and ethnic groups in the United States have been described for a wide array of diseases, conditions, and outcomes (NCHS, 2000). Despite overall improvements in life expectancy in the past century, African Americans still experience a lower average life expectancy at birth and higher average age-adjusted all-cause death rates than whites.

Differences in health status across racial and ethnic groups in the United States have been described for a wide array of diseases, conditions, and outcomes (NCHS, 2000). Despite overall improvements in life expectancy in the past century, African Americans still experience a lower average life expectancy at birth and higher average age-adjusted all-cause death rates than whites.

Dr. Folasade May shares her decision to pursue a career in medicine, places where she connects with patients, and her advice for BIPOC students considering the study of medicine.

Female, BIPOC, and LGBTQ groups are under-represented in clinical trials. Learn where things stand with gender and other disparities in clinical trials and how to make improvements.

Dr. Brandy Gunsolus explains her passion in laboratory science, the need for more laboratory scientists, and how these professionals can help people in this Heart Behind the White Coat (HBWC) program.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains the tests of blood sugar levels versus hemoglobin A1c, the role of natural sugars in the diet, and which test helps in the diagnosis of diabetes.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains reasons that changes may be seen between two blood tests, trends that may signal a medical condition when viewed over time, and advice to patients on how to advocate for themselves.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains how blood test reference ranges are calculated by geographic location and what may be recommended if results fall outside the laboratory range.

Dr. Kyle Riding shares advice on nutrient levels for your healthcare providers to monitor and conditions that can occur from inadequate nutrient levels.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains why a race correction factor was created and what patients of African descent can do to ensure the best kidney health monitoring.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains what estimated glomerular filtration rate measures and the normal range for healthy adults.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains how BUN and creatinine tests are used exactly, the function they test in the body, and possible conditions that may be flagged with the tests.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains the various functions that can be analyzed in an BMP test and potential medical conditions that can be detected via BMP.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains how CBC measurements can vary around the world and how age and gender impact reference ranges.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains how CBC measurements can vary around the world and how age and gender impact reference ranges.

Dr. Kyle Riding explains how thrombocyte levels can impact blood clotting and bleeding risks in patients.